Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities
type: channel
description: Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities (GSRH) is a peer-reviewed, diamond open-access journal published four times a year (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter). All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Authors retain full copyright of their work. Under this license, anyone may freely share, copy, distribute, translate, adapt, and build upon the published material for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source, a link to the license is included, and any modifications are indicated. License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
publisher: Hasan Alisoy
language: en
publication name: Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities
issn: 3007-9136
copyright: This journal publishes all articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Authors retain copyright of their work. Anyone may freely share, copy, distribute, adapt, and build upon the published material for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated. License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
items: Dubbing and Subtitling as Modes of Audiovisual Translation: Constraints, Strategies, and Cultural Challenges in English–Turkish and English–Azerbaijani Transfers
items: Text Semantics and Text Pragmatics: On the Study of Meaning and Use in Language
items: Azerbaijan's Place in Global Urban Policy in the Context of World Urban Forum 13 (WUF13)
items: Construction and Application of Aviation English Corpus
items: Müasir Azərbaycan dövlətçiliyinin möhkəmləndirilməsində Heydər Əliyev siyasi kursu
items: The Role of Information Infrastructure in Strengthening Entrepreneurial Activity
items: Transformer Attention for Personalized L2 Feedback in CALL
items: From Speech Acts to Market Acts: Linguistics Meets Economics
items: The Structure, Formation, and Use of Gerundial Constructions in the English Language
items: Formation of a Management Accounting System in Business Activities
items: The Role of Oqtay Zulfugarov’s Songs in Shaping Children’s Musical Taste, Ilhama Mammadova
items: National Style and Modern Musical Thinking in Tofiq Guliyev’s Song Creativity
items: Biznes fəaliyyətinin stimullaşdırılması mexanizmlərinin əsas istiqamətləri
items: Constitutional and Legal Status of Prosecution Services in Turkic States: A Comparative Analysis
items: The Role of the Human Factor and Awareness in Cybersecurity
items: Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Decision Support and Optimization within Information Systems
items: The Economic Foundations of the Atabegs’ (Eldenizids’) Power: An Analysis of Commodity Exchange and Urban Planning Policy
items: A Comparative Analysis of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Legal Systems
items: The Formulation and Historical Overview of The Problem of Loneliness
items: Governance and Integration Challenges in Mental Health Services: A Multilevel Coordination Model
items: Systemic Approaches to Teaching Linguistics in Azerbaijani Higher Education: Structure, Integration, and Methodology
items: The Impact of Social Media Language on Azerbaijani Orthography and the Analysis of Non-Normative Writing Models
items: New Approaches and Transformation Tendencies in Contemporary Legal Theory
items: The God Motif as an Existential Strategy in Contemporary Azerbaijani Poetry
items: The Contribution of Organic Agriculture to Ecological Sustainability: Global Experience and the Azerbaijani Context
items: Monitoring Educational Quality through Digital Analytics: An Innovative Approach in the Azerbaijani Education System
items: Political Fragmentation in Azerbaijan at the End of the 15th Century: The Genesis of the Safavid State
items: The Impact of Labor Market Structural Issues on National Economic Sustainability: Theoretical-Methodological Foundations and Empirical Analysis
items: Transplantation of Organs from A Victim Deprived of Life Through Criminal Means: Legal and Ethical Aspects
items: Dysregulation of the Stress Response System in Childhood: Long-Term Psychological Consequences of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms

Dubbing and Subtitling as Modes of Audiovisual Translation: Constraints, Strategies, and Cultural Challenges in English–Turkish and English–Azerbaijani Transfers
type: item
description: Audiovisual translation (AVT) has emerged as one of the most socially significant and professionally demanding branches of contemporary translation studies. This article examines dubbing and subtitling as the two dominant modes of screen translation, analysing their technical constraints, translation strategies, and cultural challenges with particular attention to English-to-Turkish and English-to-Azerbaijani language transfers. Drawing on multimodal discourse theory, functional equivalence approaches, and the domestication–foreignisation framework, the study argues that AVT is a constraint-driven communicative practice in which linguistic choices are inseparable from synchronisation requirements, reading speed limits, character constraints, and viewer reception conditions. The article demonstrates that dubbing prioritises lip synchrony, isochrony, and natural speech adaptation, motivating stronger cultural reformulation and domestication, while subtitling is governed by condensation and reduction strategies that preserve closer proximity to the source text. A comparative case-study analysis of humour, idioms, pragmatic markers, and culturally specific references illustrates the mode-specific challenges that translators face in Turkic-language target contexts. The findings indicate that neither mode is universally superior: each serves different communicative functions and audience needs. The article concludes with recommendations for mode-sensitive quality assessment and translator competence development in AVT.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: audiovisual translation
  topic: keywords
subject: dubbing
  topic: keywords
subject: subtitling
  topic: keywords
subject: multimodality
  topic: keywords
subject: screen translation
  topic: keywords
subject: English–Azerbaijani
  topic: keywords
subject: English–Turkish
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: translation constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: equivalence
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayten Nesirli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-01
publication date: 2026-05-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 49
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260302005

Text Semantics and Text Pragmatics: On the Study of Meaning and Use in Language
type: item
description: This article examines the intersecting domains of text semantics and text pragmatics as two fundamental and complementary dimensions of linguistic inquiry. Text semantics is concerned with the systematic study of meaning encoded within textual structures — how words, sentences, and larger discourse units convey propositional content, referential relations, and conceptual information. Text pragmatics, by contrast, investigates how that meaning is deployed, interpreted, and negotiated in context, foregrounding the role of communicative intention, social convention, and situational knowledge in shaping utterance interpretation. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from structural linguistics, discourse analysis, speech act theory, relevance theory, and cognitive semantics, this paper argues that neither dimension can be fully understood in isolation: semantic content provides the linguistic scaffolding upon which pragmatic inference operates, while pragmatic context continuously shapes and constrains the activation of semantic meaning. The article traces the historical development of both fields, maps their theoretical boundaries and points of convergence, and illustrates key concepts through textual analysis. Special attention is given to the phenomena of implicature, presupposition, coherence, cohesion, and intertextuality as zones where semantic and pragmatic processes are most visibly intertwined. The study concludes that a unified, integrated approach to text meaning — one that treats semantics and pragmatics as mutually constitutive rather than opposed — offers the most productive framework for understanding how language achieves its communicative function in real-world use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: text semantics
  topic: keywords
subject: text pragmatics
  topic: keywords
subject: meaning
  topic: keywords
subject: implicature
  topic: keywords
subject: presupposition
  topic: keywords
subject: discourse analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: coherence
  topic: keywords
subject: speech act theory
  topic: keywords
subject: relevance theory
  topic: keywords
subject: linguistic context
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasan Alisoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-21
publication date: 2026-04-21
starting page: 28
ending page: 38
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260302004

Azerbaijan's Place in Global Urban Policy in the Context of World Urban Forum 13 (WUF13)
type: item
description: This article explores Azerbaijan's evolving role in global urban policy within the framework of the World Urban Forum 13. In an era where urbanization has become one of the defining forces of global development, cities are increasingly recognized as central actors in addressing complex challenges such as climate change, economic inequality, infrastructure development, and sustainable growth. As a result, urban governance has expanded beyond national boundaries and become a key area of international cooperation. Within this context, Azerbaijan has positioned itself as an emerging contributor to global urban discourse. The country has undertaken significant urban modernization and infrastructure development initiatives, particularly in rapidly transforming cities such as Baku. These efforts reflect a strategic national vision aimed at improving urban sustainability, enhancing quality of life, and integrating innovative planning approaches into city development. Furthermore, Azerbaijan's participation in global platforms like WUF13 demonstrates its commitment to engaging with international partners and contributing to the exchange of best practices in urban development. The country's geographical position, combined with its economic and logistical significance, further strengthens its role in regional and global urban networks. Overall, the article argues that Azerbaijan is steadily strengthening its presence in global urban policy debates. Its engagement in WUF13 highlights not only its domestic urban transformation but also its aspiration to become an active and influential participant in shaping the future of sustainable cities worldwide.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: World Urban Forum 13
  topic: keywords
subject: urban governance
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable urban development
  topic: keywords
subject: policy framework
  topic: keywords
subject: international cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic positioning
  topic: keywords
subject: urban transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: global urban agenda
  topic: keywords
subject: infrastructural modernization
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic development
  topic: keywords
creator: Farid Ibrahimov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 21
ending page: 27
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260302003

Construction and Application of Aviation English Corpus
type: item
description: Against the backdrop of integrated development and standardized management in global aviation, aviation English, as the universal working language, is intrinsically tied to aviation safety and operational efficiency. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established uniform language proficiency standards for relevant practitioners to regulate international flight communications. Nevertheless, conventional aviation English teaching and research are plagued by bottlenecks including non-standard corpora, a disconnect between instructional content and real-world operational scenarios, and a shortage of objective empirical evidence. Corpus linguistics provides a scientific approach for the reform and upgrading of aviation English education. Focusing on the development of a dedicated aviation English corpus, this paper expounds the theoretical value and practical significance of corpus linguistics in aviation foreign language education, and details the full corpus construction process covering design principles, collection of authentic spoken and written data, and optimization of the intelligent management system. It also explores the application pathways of the corpus in syllabus optimization, textbook compilation, situational teaching, empirical research, and test development. Besides, this study summarizes future trends in aviation English corpus research, including multimodal evolution, digital empowerment, and open sharing, and puts forward targeted optimization strategies. Empirical results demonstrate that professional corpora feature authenticity and professional relevance, which can furnish data support for teaching reform, interdisciplinary research, and assessment improvement. Such corpora help break the limitations of traditional teaching, promote the intelligent and personalized development of aviation English education, and support the cultivation of international aviation talents and the high-quality development of the civil aviation indu…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: aviation English
  topic: keywords
subject: corpus construction
  topic: keywords
subject: corpus application
  topic: keywords
subject: civil aviation English teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeqi LIU
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-18
publication date: 2026-04-18
starting page: 11
ending page: 20
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260302002

Müasir Azərbaycan dövlətçiliyinin möhkəmləndirilməsində Heydər Əliyev siyasi kursu
type: item
description: Bu məqalədə Heydər Əliyevin siyasi kursunun müasir Azərbaycan dövlətçiliyinin formalaşmasındakı və möhkəmləndirilməsindəki rolu hərtərəfli araşdırılır. Tədqiqat göstərir ki, Heydər Əliyevin rəhbərliyi altında Azərbaycan Respublikası siyasi, iqtisadi və hüquqi sahələrdə köklü islahatlar həyata keçirmiş, müstəqil dövlətçiliyin möhkəm institutsional əsasları qoyulmuşdur. 1995-ci ildə qəbul edilmiş Konstitusiya demokratik hüquqi dövlət quruculuğunun əsasını təşkil etmiş, hakimiyyət bölgüsü prinsipi isə idarəetmədə şəffaflıq və sabitliyi təmin etmişdir. 1994-cü ildə "Əsrin müqaviləsi" kimi tarixi əhəmiyyət kəsb edən neft sazişinin imzalanması Azərbaycanın beynəlxalq enerji bazarına inteqrasiyasını sürətləndirmiş, Dövlət Neft Fondunun yaradılması isə milli iqtisadi ehtiyatların idarə edilməsini institutlaşdırmışdır. Milli təhlükəsizlik sahəsindəki qanunvericilik bazası, o cümlədən informasiya və kibertəhlükəsizlik siyasəti dövlətin suverenliyinin qorunmasında həlledici rol oynamışdır. Nəticə etibarı ilə Heydər Əliyevin siyasi kursu müasir Azərbaycanın inkişaf modelinin ideoloji və institusional özəyini təşkil edir.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Heydər Əliyev
  topic: keywords
subject: dövlətçilik
  topic: keywords
subject: hüquqi dövlət
  topic: keywords
subject: enerji strategiyası
  topic: keywords
subject: milli təhlükəsizlik
  topic: keywords
subject: Azərbaycan
  topic: keywords
creator: Yadigar Dunyamaliyeva Merdan gizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-06
publication date: 2026-04-06
starting page: 5
ending page: 10
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260302001

The Role of Information Infrastructure in Strengthening Entrepreneurial Activity
type: item
description: In the contemporary era of rapid informatization, information has become a primary and strategic resource for enterprise development. It serves as the fundamental element in organizing management activities and represents a system of quantitative data reflecting both the desired and the actual state of an enterprise’s subsystems and overall structure. Effective information management ensures informed decision-making and enhances operational coordination. The growing level of societal informatization creates new opportunities for business development and determines the necessity of well-structured information support systems. Such systems form the foundation for the sustainable development and increased productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The advancement of information technologies has introduced innovative tools, including algorithm-based processes, which structure business operations and improve efficiency. However, in modern entrepreneurial practice, a gap remains between the collection and practical application of information and the effective implementation of SME development strategies. Although state policies primarily aim to support small and medium-sized businesses, a more pressing challenge is their survival in highly competitive markets. The competitiveness of SMEs largely depends on access to reliable, operational, and easily accessible information databases that ensure timely and strategic decision-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: finance
  topic: keywords
subject: marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: information structure
  topic: keywords
subject: decision-making
  topic: keywords
subject: intensification
  topic: keywords
creator: Aysel Abulfetli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 54
ending page: 60
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301007

Transformer Attention for Personalized L2 Feedback in CALL
type: item
description: The rapid diffusion of transformer-based natural language processing has renewed long-standing ambitions in computer-assisted language learning (CALL): scalable, timely, and instructionally meaningful second language (L2) feedback that is sensitive to individual learners’ needs rather than “one-size-fits-all” correction. Contemporary studies on chatbots and large language models (LLMs) suggest measurable promise for L2 vocabulary development, writing support, and learner engagement, while also revealing variability in feedback quality, inconsistency across prompts, and unresolved questions about pedagogical validity and accountability. This article synthesizes research from CALL, feedback theory, and transformer interpretability to propose an attention-informed framework for personalized L2 feedback. The framework treats transformer attention as a computational mechanism for aligning learner language with contextual cues and as a design resource for building inspectable feedback workflows, while explicitly recognizing that attention weights are not automatically faithful explanations of model behavior. Methodologically, we conduct a targeted, citation-grounded synthesis seeded by recent CALL chatbot/LLM research and complemented by foundational work on formative feedback and corrective feedback effectiveness, learner modeling, and transformer visual analytics. Results are presented as design-relevant findings: what current evidence implies for personalization targets (what to correct, how, when), how attention signals may support fine-grained diagnosis and recommendation, and which safeguards are required for responsible deployment in educational settings. Implications are discussed for research design (comparative trials against teacher feedback, delayed posttests, process data), system architecture (learner models + transformer feedback generators), and governance (privacy, transparency, and human oversight).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: transformer attention
  topic: keywords
subject: personalization
  topic: keywords
subject: CALL
  topic: keywords
subject: written corrective feedback
  topic: keywords
creator: Zarifa Sadigzade
creator: Hasan Alisoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 44
ending page: 53
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301006

From Speech Acts to Market Acts: Linguistics Meets Economics
type: item
description: This article examines how language functions as economic action by tracing the movement from speech acts—promises, warnings, commitments, and declarations—to market acts such as contracting, pricing, investing, and policy response. Building on Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969) and insights from behavioral economics on framing and bounded rationality (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), the study argues that economic discourse does not merely describe markets but helps constitute them. Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines pragmatic analysis, discourse and metaphor analysis, and selected empirical findings from finance and communication studies, the article identifies key linguistic mechanisms that shape economic behavior: modality and hedging, evaluative tone, implicature and indirectness in negotiation, and metaphorical and narrative framing in media and policy communication. Evidence from textual studies of corporate reporting and market sentiment suggests that systematic patterns of language predict or amplify market movements, especially under uncertainty. The article concludes with practical implications for transparent financial communication, credible policy signaling, and education in critical economic literacy, and outlines future research directions for multilingual and digital market settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: speech act theory
  topic: keywords
subject: economic discourse
  topic: keywords
subject: performativity
  topic: keywords
subject: framing
  topic: keywords
subject: financial communication
  topic: keywords
subject: behavioral economics
  topic: keywords
creator: Fərid İbrahimov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 34
ending page: 43
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301005

The Structure, Formation, and Use of Gerundial Constructions in the English Language
type: item
description: In the contemporary world, English can no longer be regarded merely as a means of communication; it functions as a global language that underpins international interaction, scientific collaboration, and business relations. To understand the mechanisms through which English operates and evolves, linguistic research plays a crucial role. Linguistics examines language development, structure, functions, and cognitive processing, analyzing English at multiple levels—from phonetics and morphology to syntax, semantics, and pragmatic use in context. Within this complex system, both simple and composite linguistic units contribute to the expressive richness of the language. One such unit is the gerundial construction, which adds semantic depth and syntactic flexibility to sentence structure. Although derived from a verb, the gerund functions as a noun within a sentence, allowing actions, events, and processes to be conceptualized as entities. As a result, gerundial constructions can perform various syntactic roles, including subject, complement, and predicate elements. The primary objective of this article is to examine the structural characteristics, formation principles, and functional uses of gerundial constructions in modern English, highlighting their significance within the broader grammatical system of the language.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: non-finite verbs
  topic: keywords
subject: comprehensive grammar
  topic: keywords
subject: subject complement
  topic: keywords
subject: nominal identity
  topic: keywords
creator: Aysu Ismayilova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-18
publication date: 2026-01-18
starting page: 26
ending page: 33
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301004

Formation of a Management Accounting System in Business Activities
type: item
description: In the context of the development of modern market relations, the efficient operation of enterprises increasingly depends on the ability to make well-grounded operational and strategic decisions. This, in turn, necessitates the establishment of a reliable, flexible, and analytically oriented information system to support managerial processes. One of the key components of such a system is management accounting. Management accounting provides internally focused information that supports planning, control, and decision-making functions within an organization. In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the development and application of management accounting, reflecting its expanding role in business activities. Management accounting is not limited to the generation of information flows; it also serves as an effective managerial tool that enhances the quality of decision-making, ensures the efficient use of resources, supports risk control, and enables short-term and medium-term forecasting of organizational development. Through systematic analysis of costs, revenues, and performance indicators, management accounting contributes to the optimization of business results and strengthens managerial control over operational processes. The formation and evolution of management accounting are closely associated with the advancement of accounting systems as a whole. In its early stages, management accounting focused on cost standardization and the identification of deviations between planned and actual indicators. At later stages, variable costing systems were developed, and the concept of the break-even point was introduced, allowing managers to analyze the relationship between production volume, costs, and profits. Further development of management accounting has been characterized by the growing importance of strategic planning, the application of economic and mathematical methods, and the integration of information technologies, including computerized accounting sy…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: management accounting
  topic: keywords
subject: planning
  topic: keywords
subject: efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: costs
  topic: keywords
subject: analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Fidan Abbasova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 18
ending page: 25
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301003

The Role of Oqtay Zulfugarov’s Songs in Shaping Children’s Musical Taste, Ilhama Mammadova
type: item
description: Oqtay Zulfugarov’s children’s songs hold an invaluable place in Azerbaijani musical culture. The fact that his songs develop children’s musical perception and shape their emotional thinking demonstrates the relevance of his works. The main goal of this research is to analyze the composer’s children's song oeuvre from scientific-pedagogical, artistic, and musical perspectives and to determine the significance of his works in the modern era. The importance of his songs is primarily determined by their practical applicability in the educational process. The research employed scientific, analytical, and comparative methods. Zulfugarov’s songs not only shape children’s musical taste but also enrich their spiritual world. In his songs, the spirit of folk music, combined with simplicity and sincerity, yields a high artistic quality. His works are composed in accordance with children’s developmental psychology, emotional world, and aesthetic needs. In his children’s songs, the composer skillfully combined the melodic flexibility characteristic of folk music with clear rhythm and simple harmony to create examples of high artistic value. Oqtay Zulfugarov’s songwriting has had a significant impact on the development of the Azerbaijani school of composition. Observations and interviews indicate that music lessons help develop children’s mental, speech, and language skills, cultivate group work habits, and enhance creativity and aesthetic taste. Moreover, music activities have a strong effect on children’s physical, mental, and emotional development; by creating a playful learning environment in kindergarten, they contribute significantly to the formation of the child’s personality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Azerbaijani music
  topic: keywords
subject: aesthetic taste
  topic: keywords
subject: Oqtay Zulfugarov
  topic: keywords
subject: children’s songs
  topic: keywords
subject: folk music
  topic: keywords
creator: Roya Kerimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 12
ending page: 17
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301002

National Style and Modern Musical Thinking in Tofiq Guliyev’s Song Creativity
type: item
description: Tofiq Guliyev was a prominent Azerbaijani composer, pianist, and conductor whose song creativity played a significant role in the development of Azerbaijan’s national music culture. His vocal works are distinguished by melodic richness, emotional depth, and stylistic integrity. Guliyev successfully synthesised elements of Azerbaijani folk music—such as national intonations, rhythmic patterns, and modal features—with the expressive means of modern musical thinking. This organic fusion has ensured the lasting relevance of his songs across different historical periods. The thematic range of Guliyev’s songs includes love, patriotism, attachment to the homeland, and universal human emotions, which allows his music to resonate consistently with audiences. His compositions reflect characteristic features of Azerbaijani musical tradition, including mugham-based intonations and folk melodic structures, while employing contemporary compositional techniques. Through this synthesis, Guliyev contributed to the evolution of the national song genre, elevating it to a new artistic level and shaping a distinctive musical language that bridges tradition and modernity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tofiq Guliyev
  topic: keywords
subject: Azerbaijani music
  topic: keywords
subject: song creativity
  topic: keywords
subject: national style
  topic: keywords
subject: modern musical thinking
  topic: keywords
subject: mugham
  topic: keywords
subject: folk intonations
  topic: keywords
creator: Selale Rehimli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 6
ending page: 11
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0260301001

Biznes fəaliyyətinin stimullaşdırılması mexanizmlərinin əsas istiqamətləri
type: item
description: Bazar mühitinin qeyri – müəyyənliyi iqtisadi münasibətlərin subyektlərindən bazarda baş verən proseslərin dərin təhlilini aparmağı tələb edir. Biznes subyektləri digərləri ilə aralarında yaranan münasibətlərin müxtəlifliyinə görə daim dəyişən şəraitdə fəaliyyət göstərirlər. Hüquqi təminatın qeyri – səlisliyi, bazar və informasiya infrastrukturunun kifayət səviyyədə inkişaf etməməsi, iqtisadi həyatda baş verən dalğalanmaların artması, maliyyə – kredit sistemindəki problemlər, əsas istehsal strukturlarının təsərrüfat əlaqələrinin zəif inkişaf etməsi iqtisadi sabitliyi pozan amillər sırasındadır. Beləliklə, təsərrüfat subyektlərinin fəaliyyəti xarici mühitin qeyri – müəyyənliyi şəraitində həm obyektiv, həm də subyektiv səbəblərdən geniş iqtisadi təhlillərin aparılmasını şərtləndirir. İqtisadiyyatda təsərrüfat subyektlərinin iqtisadi sabitliyi digər hallarla yanaşı, kollektivin mövqelərinin sabitliyinə, insanların həyat səviyyəsinə, innovasiyalara, yerli istehsalçıların dünya və daxili bazarlarda rəqabət qabiliyyətinə müsbət təsir göstərir. Bu baxımdan yeni yaradılan istehsal strukturları əsasən bazar şəraitində stabil fəaliyyət göstərmək, bazar mövqelərini saxlamaq, daxili istehlakçıları qorumaq və istehsal aparatını müasir tələblər əsasında saxlamaqda maraqlıdır. Biznes subyektlərinin iqtisadiyyatının ümumi vəziyyətinin, struktur dəyişikliklərinin, əsas fəaliyyət növlərinin resurs təminatının, daxili bazar tələbinin vəziyyətinin öyrənilməsi göstərir ki, milli iqtisadiyyatdakı dayanıqlığın artırılması yeni iqtisadi modelə keçidlə əlaqədar olaraq innovativ inkişafa əsaslanan artım, biznes subyektlərinin iqtisadi dayanıqlığının təmin edilməsi üçün nəzəri və metodoloji əsasların işlənib hazırlanmasını tələb edir. Bu istiqamətdə biznes subyektlərinin idarəetmə mexanizmi, idarəetmə və marketinqi, dövlət müəssisələrinin yenilənmiş sosial-iqtisadi münasibətlər sistemi ilə səhmdar cəmiyyətlərə çevrilməsi zamanı struktur yenilənməsi öz əhəmiyyətini qoruyur.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: biznes
  topic: keywords
subject: istehsalçı
  topic: keywords
subject: investisiya
  topic: keywords
subject: strategiya
  topic: keywords
subject: səmərəlilik
  topic: keywords
subject: innovasiya
  topic: keywords
creator: Murad Alakbarzadeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 260
ending page: 268
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206028

Constitutional and Legal Status of Prosecution Services in Turkic States: A Comparative Analysis
type: item
description: The article provides a comparative analysis of the constitutional-legal status of prosecution authorities in Turkic states within the context of historical development stages and modern normative regulation mechanisms. The primary objective of the research is to identify the similarities and differences regarding the position of the prosecution institute within the system of state power, its functions, organizational structure, and personnel policy in the constitutional models of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. From a methodological standpoint, historical-legal and comparative jurisprudence approaches have been utilized in the article. Historical analysis demonstrates that the formation of the prosecution institute has followed various development trajectories in Turkic states: the foundations of this model, laid with the institute of "müdde-i umumilik" (public prosecution) during the Tanzimat era in the Ottoman Empire, evolved into a centralized oversight body in post-Soviet Turkic states under the influence of the Soviet legal system. The establishment of the national prosecution institute during the period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is regarded as a significant precedent for modern Turkic states. In the section on constitutional-legal analysis, it is determined that the status of prosecution authorities in the constitutions of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan is regulated more comprehensively and in greater normative detail, based on the principle of a unified and centralized system. In these states, the prosecution acts as an independent legal institute performing key functions such as overseeing the implementation of laws, criminal prosecution, and the protection of state indictments. Conversely, in the Kyrgyz and Turkish models, the constitutional status of the prosecution is more general in nature; in Turkey, the prosecution is considered an integral part of the judicial power and is not…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Turkic states
  topic: keywords
subject: prosecution service
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional-legal status
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative law
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial independence
  topic: keywords
subject: personnel policy
  topic: keywords
subject: historical development
  topic: keywords
subject: legal integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Prosecutor General, separation of powers
  topic: keywords
creator: Yusif Mirzəzadə
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 248
ending page: 259
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206027

The Role of the Human Factor and Awareness in Cybersecurity
type: item
description: In the modern era, the widespread use of information technologies has made data security a key priority for governments, private organizations, and individual users. Information systems process billions of transactions on a daily basis, and protecting these operations cannot be achieved through technological solutions alone. Recent statistics indicate that approximately 70–90% of cybersecurity incidents are caused by the human factor. This includes employee negligence, non-compliance with security policies, vulnerability to social engineering attacks, and insufficient cybersecurity awareness. Although technical defense mechanisms such as antivirus software, firewalls, and encryption technologies have reached a high level of sophistication, organizations that fail to address the human factor remain highly vulnerable to cyber threats. Attacks such as social engineering, phishing, vishing, and ransomware primarily exploit human psychological and behavioral weaknesses rather than technical flaws. Research consistently demonstrates that technological safeguards are significantly less effective without continuous training and the integration of cybersecurity awareness into organizational culture. This article examines the role of the human factor in cybersecurity from a scientific perspective, analyzes the psychological and behavioral dimensions of social engineering attacks, and evaluates the impact of awareness programs on organizational security. Comparative analysis of international and local practices shows that continuous training and behavior-oriented awareness programs can substantially reduce risks arising from human error. Reports by NIST and ENISA, as well as local findings (CERT-AZ, 2023), confirm that sustained training initiatives, simulation exercises, and regularly updated security policies are among the most effective measures against social engineering threats. The study concludes that cybersecurity is not solely a technological challenge; effective mana…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: human factor
  topic: keywords
subject: social engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: risk management
  topic: keywords
subject: digital threats
  topic: keywords
creator: Majnun Jafarli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 240
ending page: 247
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206026

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Decision Support and Optimization within Information Systems
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies play a crucial role in enhancing decision support and optimization processes in information systems. The growing complexity of organizational challenges, the need to manage large volumes of data, and the demand for rapid and accurate strategic decision-making have made AI-based solutions indispensable. These technologies improve the efficiency of decision-making processes, reduce human-related errors, and enable optimal utilization of resources. This article analyzes the applications of AI in decision support and optimization within information systems, drawing on both international and local experiences. The literature review covers global research as well as pilot projects implemented in the Azerbaijani context. International practices demonstrate the effective use of AI algorithms in healthcare, finance, and logistics, particularly in risk assessment, treatment planning, route optimization, and resource management. In Azerbaijan, AI applications remain at a developing stage, with pilot implementations in the banking, healthcare, and logistics sectors showing promising results. The study discusses optimization algorithms, including genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and machine learning models, and evaluates their impact on decision-making efficiency. The findings highlight the strategic importance of AI for improving operational performance and supporting informed decision-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: decision support
  topic: keywords
subject: optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: information systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Nermin Hacisoy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 232
ending page: 239
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206025

The Economic Foundations of the Atabegs’ (Eldenizids’) Power: An Analysis of Commodity Exchange and Urban Planning Policy
type: item
description: This article examines the economic foundations underlying the political and military power of the Azerbaijani Atabegs (Eldenizid) state, which existed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. While most studies emphasize the political history of the dynasty, this research focuses on the region’s economic development trends during the Eldenizid period — particularly on urban planning policy and the expansion of international trade relations. The study systematically analyzes the key economic arteries of the era, including trade routes, the taxation system, centers of craftsmanship, and agricultural production. The findings reveal that the Eldenizids’ deliberate construction and infrastructure policies strengthened economic stability, while a robust economic base enabled the state to attain significant political influence in a short time. Thus, the Eldenizid state effectively utilized its favorable geographical position to establish economic hegemony, which became one of the decisive factors ensuring its political continuity and durability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Azerbaijani Atabegs (Eldenizid state)
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval history
  topic: keywords
subject: Commodity exchange
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban planning policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Medieval economy
  topic: keywords
subject: South Caucasus
  topic: keywords
subject: 12th–13th centuries
  topic: keywords
creator: Leyla Zamanli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 226
ending page: 231
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206024

A Comparative Analysis of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Legal Systems
type: item
description: The Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal systems represent two distinct methodological approaches to the formation and development of law and constitute the most widespread legal families in the world. The Romano-Germanic system is based on the primacy of legislation and presents legal norms in a highly codified and systematized form. In contrast, the Anglo-Saxon system relies primarily on judicial precedent as the main source of law, regulating legal relations through a more flexible and case-oriented approach. Each system possesses its own advantages and limitations: while the continental legal system is characterized by clarity and consistency, the common law system is distinguished by its adaptability and practical responsiveness. As a result, contemporary legal development demonstrates an increasing interaction between these two legal families, the emergence of hybrid legal mechanisms, and the adaptation of national legal systems to international standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Romano-Germanic legal system
  topic: keywords
subject: Anglo-Saxon legal system
  topic: keywords
subject: legal families
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial precedent
  topic: keywords
subject: codification
  topic: keywords
subject: sources of law
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayşən Rəcəbova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 220
ending page: 225
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206023

The Formulation and Historical Overview of The Problem of Loneliness
type: item
description: This article examines the historical development of the problem of loneliness, the forms in which it has been conceptualized across different historical periods, and the theoretical foundations proposed for its resolution. The aim of the study is to determine how loneliness has evolved as a socio-psychological phenomenon and how strategies for addressing it have transformed over time. The analysis demonstrates that perceptions of loneliness are closely linked to broader historical processes and cultural changes. While numerous scientific interpretations and recommendations have been proposed, a comprehensive socio-philosophical concept of loneliness has yet to be fully established. The article concludes that effective approaches to addressing loneliness require a multidisciplinary perspective and the simultaneous consideration of both individual and social dimensions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: problem of loneliness
  topic: keywords
subject: social philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: public thought
  topic: keywords
subject: self-isolation
  topic: keywords
subject: phenomenon
  topic: keywords
subject: strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: analytical approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Narmin Qasimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 210
ending page: 219
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206022

Governance and Integration Challenges in Mental Health Services: A Multilevel Coordination Model
type: item
description: Mental health systems worldwide face persistent challenges related to fragmentation, limited coordination, and inefficient governance structures. These problems reduce the effectiveness, accessibility, and sustainability of mental health services, particularly in developing and transition health systems. This article examines governance and integration challenges in mental health services from a multilevel perspective, with a focus on coordination mechanisms across clinical, institutional, and intersectoral domains. Drawing on international policy frameworks, including World Health Organization guidelines, and contemporary research on collaborative and integrated care models, the study analyzes structural and managerial barriers that hinder effective service delivery. Using a qualitative, system-level analytical approach, the article identifies key gaps in governance, horizontal and vertical integration, and interagency collaboration. Based on these findings, a multilevel integrated governance model is proposed, emphasizing strategic coordination, clinical integration, and community-based intersectoral cooperation. The proposed model aims to enhance service continuity, resource efficiency, and patient-centered care, offering practical implications for mental health policy reform and system strengthening in comparable health systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mental health governance
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated care
  topic: keywords
subject: service coordination
  topic: keywords
subject: health system reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Aysu Memmedli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 200
ending page: 209
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206021

Systemic Approaches to Teaching Linguistics in Azerbaijani Higher Education: Structure, Integration, and Methodology
type: item
description: This article examines systemic approaches to teaching linguistics in Azerbaijani higher education, emphasizing the importance of viewing language as an integrated structural–functional system. It argues that phonetics, lexicology, morphology, syntax, and stylistics should be taught in close interconnection rather than as isolated disciplines. Drawing on contemporary linguistic theory and pedagogical research, the study analyzes effective methodological strategies, including functional and communicative approaches, integrated grammar instruction, and the use of digital resources and innovative teaching methods. The findings suggest that systematic, functional, and integrative instruction enhances analytical competence, improves learning efficiency, and strengthens students’ ability to apply linguistic knowledge in academic and professional contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: linguistics education
  topic: keywords
subject: integrative methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: functional approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatime Zaxarzade
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 192
ending page: 199
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206020

The Impact of Social Media Language on Azerbaijani Orthography and the Analysis of Non-Normative Writing Models
type: item
description: This article examines the impact of social media on the orthographic norms of the Azerbaijani language and the influence of non-normative writing models formed in the digital environment on the style of written communication. The rapid increase in the number of social media users and the intensification of online communication processes have led to the emergence of new trends in the Azerbaijani writing system. In particular, non-standard writing forms that are widely used on social media have a direct effect on the writing habits and orthographic behavior of the younger generation. In this respect, studying the influence of social media language on Azerbaijani orthography emerges as a topical scientific issue in contemporary linguistics. The main aim of the article is to systematically analyze the characteristics of the written language used on social media, to determine the extent of the impact of these writing models on the orthographic norms of the Azerbaijani language, and to explain the causes of these effects on a scientific basis. In the course of the research, observation, comparative analysis, analysis, and synthesis methods were employed, and existing academic sources in the fields of linguistics and digital communication were reviewed. The results of the study show that writing models formed on social media not only affect orthographic norms but also play an important role in shaping the stylistic features of written communication.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
subject: non-normative writing models
  topic: keywords
subject: abbreviations
  topic: keywords
subject: internet memes
  topic: keywords
creator: Minayə Möhbaliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 182
ending page: 191
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206019

New Approaches and Transformation Tendencies in Contemporary Legal Theory
type: item
description: Contemporary legal theory is undergoing rapid transformation under the influence of global political, economic, and technological changes. The inability of traditional legal approaches to independently and fully explain the complex social realities of modern society necessitates the formation of new conceptual frameworks. In this context, legal philosophy increasingly acquires a multidisciplinary character, and its integration with disciplines such as sociology, economics, psychology, and anthropology is significantly strengthened. Modern approaches conceptualize law not only as a system of normative structures but also as a dynamic and flexible mechanism regulating social processes. One of the main directions of transformation tendencies is related to the impact of digital technologies on legal relations. Artificial intelligence, big data, and automated decision-making systems introduce new dimensions to concepts such as legal liability, property, privacy, and legal subjectivity. At the same time, under the influence of globalization, transnational legal cooperation expands, and national legal systems become more deeply integrated with international legal norms. In contemporary legal theory, issues such as the universality of human rights, the provision of legal justice, and the enhancement of the adaptability of law gain particular relevance. As a result, contemporary legal theory is emerging as an independent field of scholarship characterized by continuous renewal and shaped by complex and flexible approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
subject: legal transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: contemporary legal system
  topic: keywords
subject: digitalization and law
  topic: keywords
subject: new approaches
  topic: keywords
creator: Yilmaz Ismayilli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 176
ending page: 181
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206018

The God Motif as an Existential Strategy in Contemporary Azerbaijani Poetry
type: item
description: This article examines the God motif in contemporary Azerbaijani poetry as an existential strategy rather than a manifestation of religious revival or doctrinal belief. Departing from traditional moral-theological interpretations, the study argues that divine references in modern poetic discourse undergo a process of post-sacral resemanticization, whereby sacred language is refunctionalized to articulate inner conflict, ethical tension, and metaphysical uncertainty. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of selected poems by Ramiz Rövşən, Vaqif Bayatlı Odər, Səlim Babullaoğlu, and Aqşin Yenisey, using functional-semantic analysis and comparative poetics as the primary methodological tools. The findings demonstrate that the God motif operates in three dominant functional roles: as an existential addressee invoked when human communication proves insufficient; as a psychological projection externalizing fear, guilt, and loneliness; and as an ethical reference point through which injustice, fate, and freedom are evaluated. The study shows a clear shift in contemporary Azerbaijani poetry from belief to dialogue, where God emerges as a discursive interlocutor embedded within the poem’s aesthetic and linguistic structure. By reframing the God motif as a poetic construct rather than a theological assertion, the article contributes to literary scholarship by relocating the discussion from ideological interpretation to functional poetics and opens new perspectives for comparative research in Turkic and post-Soviet poetic traditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: God motif
  topic: keywords
subject: existential strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: contemporary Azerbaijani poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: post-sacral poetics
  topic: keywords
creator: Mecid Haciyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 167
ending page: 175
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206017

The Contribution of Organic Agriculture to Ecological Sustainability: Global Experience and the Azerbaijani Context
type: item
description: In the context of accelerating climate change, organic agriculture has gained increasing importance as an alternative production model that enhances ecosystem resilience, restores soil biological functions, and promotes the efficient use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adaptation and mitigation potential of organic farming systems in response to climate change and to identify the possibilities for applying international best practices within the agroecological conditions of Azerbaijan. The research employs a comparative analytical approach, including the review of policy documents and a systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature. The findings indicate that organic farming systems demonstrate higher levels of carbon sequestration, improved soil structure, greater water retention capacity, and increased microbiological diversity compared to conventional agricultural systems. These characteristics contribute significantly to the resilience of agroecosystems against climate-related stresses such as drought, temperature extremes, and soil degradation. International experience, particularly from the European Union and global sustainability initiatives, confirms that organic agriculture plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preventing land degradation, and supporting long-term agricultural sustainability. In the Azerbaijani context, favorable natural soil fertility, diverse agroecological zones, and growing demand for environmentally friendly products create strong potential for the development of organic agriculture. However, the effective realization of this potential requires improvements in the legal and regulatory framework, simplification of certification procedures, and the expansion of farmer education and advisory services. Overall, the study demonstrates that organic agriculture can serve as a strategic tool for enhancing ecological sustainability and climate resilience in Azerbaijan’s agri…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: organic agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: soil fertility
  topic: keywords
creator: Tohfe Eliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 159
ending page: 166
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206016

Monitoring Educational Quality through Digital Analytics: An Innovative Approach in the Azerbaijani Education System
type: item
description: In the contemporary educational landscape, improving mechanisms for monitoring educational quality remains a key priority, and digital analytics offers significant opportunities to accelerate this process through data-driven decision-making. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of digital analytics technologies in monitoring educational quality and examines their innovative potential. By leveraging large-scale data, digital analytics enables the real-time collection, processing, and visualization of information, allowing educational institutions to assess student achievement, teacher performance, and the overall effectiveness of the teaching–learning process in a more objective, systematic, and timely manner. The primary aim of the article is to analyze the current state of educational quality monitoring and evaluation through digital analytics within the Azerbaijani education system, to propose innovative implementation models, and to identify the advantages of this approach in comparison with traditional monitoring methods. The study also explores the use of real-time data processing, the tracking of individualized learning trajectories, and the role of data-driven decision-making in shaping educational policy. The scientific and practical significance of the research lies in its contribution to the integration of innovative analytical practices into the national education strategy, providing a solid theoretical and methodological foundation for future applications. The proposed conceptual framework supports the transition of the Azerbaijani education system toward a more flexible, transparent, and data-driven governance model, while enhancing institutional effectiveness and accountability. Methodologically, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques, including statistical data analysis, content analysis, and expert interviews. The findings indicate that digital analytics creates new op…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: digital analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: educational quality
  topic: keywords
subject: monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: data-driven decision-making
  topic: keywords
creator: Məsumə Əliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 152
ending page: 158
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206015

Political Fragmentation in Azerbaijan at the End of the 15th Century: The Genesis of the Safavid State
type: item
description: This article analyzes the emergence of the Safavid state within the context of the profound political, social, and ideological transformations that took place in the South Caucasus and the Iranian Plateau at the end of the fifteenth century. The study examines the systemic crisis of the Aq Qoyunlu state, the decline of the tribal confederation model, and the interrelation of these processes with the transformation of the Safaviyya order from a mystical-religious community into a military-theocratic organization. Particular emphasis is placed on the activities of Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar, the formation of the Qizilbash confederation, and the decisive role of the Anatolian factor. The campaigns of Ismail I between 1499 and 1503, the battles of Sharur and Hamadan, as well as the conquest of Tabriz in 1501, are presented as key stages in the legitimation of Safavid rule and the consolidation of imperial power. The study demonstrates that the establishment of the Safavid state was not merely the result of charismatic leadership, but rather the outcome of the complex interaction of political fragmentation, social mobilization, and ideological synthesis. The article substantiates that the political, religious, and cultural legacy of the Safavids played a decisive role in shaping the long-term ethno-confessional identity of Azerbaijan and Iran.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Safavid state
  topic: keywords
subject: Aq Qoyunlu crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: Qizilbash confederation
  topic: keywords
subject: Shah Ismail I
  topic: keywords
creator: Ləman Əliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 140
ending page: 151
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206014

The Impact of Labor Market Structural Issues on National Economic Sustainability: Theoretical-Methodological Foundations and Empirical Analysis
type: item
description: Against the backdrop of global economic digital transformation and the shift toward knowledge-intensive production models, emerging structural discrepancies in the labor market are becoming strategic constraints on national development. This article systematically analyzes the impact mechanisms of key labor market structural issues—skill mismatches, regional imbalances, the high prevalence of informal employment, and weak education-labor market linkages—on national economic sustainability, employing theoretical-methodological foundations and an empirical approach. The research applies a synthesis of Human Capital Theory, Mismatch Theory, and Institutional Economics. Quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal that these structural imbalances suppress economic growth rates, reduce labor productivity, and constrain the economy's innovation capacity. Empirical findings confirm the negative influence of every 1% increase in structural unemployment on GDP growth performance. Consequently, structural modernization of the labor market, targeted investments in human capital, and strengthened institutional flexibility are identified as core determinants for ensuring long-term national economic development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Labor market
  topic: keywords
subject: structural issues
  topic: keywords
subject: skill mismatch
  topic: keywords
subject: economic development
  topic: keywords
subject: human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: structural unemployment
  topic: keywords
subject: regional imbalance
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurlan Muxtarli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-13
publication date: 2025-12-13
starting page: 131
ending page: 139
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206013

Transplantation of Organs from A Victim Deprived of Life Through Criminal Means: Legal and Ethical Aspects
type: item
description: This article examines the transplantation of organs from victims deprived of life through criminal acts from legal and ethical perspectives. The aim of the study is to define the donor’s legal status in such cases, ensure the protection of human rights, and identify mechanisms to reduce abuses in transplantation practice. The methodology includes normative legal analysis, comparative legal review, and examination of how international standards are applied in medical contexts. The research questions are as follows: Under what legal conditions can organ extraction occur following criminal homicide? How should donor consent and donor rights be ensured? What ethical boundaries govern such procedures? The findings indicate that transplantation can only be considered after forensic confirmation of the cause of death and the donor’s identity. When the principles of voluntariness, transparency, and informed consent are violated, the legitimacy of the transplantation process is lost. The study demonstrates that insufficient state oversight and neglect of bioethical principles increase the risk of human body commodification, incitement to crime, and violations of fundamental human rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organ transplantation
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subject: criminal homicide
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subject: donor rights
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subject: informed consent
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subject: bioethics
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subject: international law
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creator: Sumaya Salimzada
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-13
publication date: 2025-12-13
starting page: 119
ending page: 130
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206012

Dysregulation of the Stress Response System in Childhood: Long-Term Psychological Consequences of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms
type: item
description: Early life stress can profoundly disrupt the development of the body’s stress response system, particularly through neuroendocrine mechanisms such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid signaling. This topic is of particular relevance because dysregulation of these systems during sensitive periods of development is associated with long-term psychological and physical health outcomes. Research suggests that childhood trauma, neglect, or chronic adversity can “program” neural networks, leading to persistent hyper- or hypoactivation of the stress system. Researchers typically assess neuroendocrine regulation by measuring biomarkers such as cortisol (e.g., in blood) before and after stressful events. They can also use quantitative measures of psychopathology, behavioral observations, and neurobiological analyses to capture the multidimensional effects of early stress. The subjects of these studies are wide-ranging—including children exposed to institutional care, nonhuman primates exposed to maternal neglect, and rodent models of early adversity—with the “object” (focus) being the neuroendocrine stress system, and the “subject” (field) being the long-term psychological outcomes. Early dysregulation of stress systems increases vulnerability to a range of mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, as well as to physiological conditions later in life, such as metabolic syndrome and inflammation. These findings suggest that early life stress does not simply produce transient impairment, but also has long-term “programming” effects at the neuroendocrine level, increasing allostatic load and reducing adaptive stress regulation capacity throughout life.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stress response system
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuroendocrine mechanisms
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subject: childhood stress
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subject: , early life stress
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subject: psychopathology
  topic: keywords
creator: Sevinj Hajiyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-13
publication date: 2025-12-13
starting page: 109
ending page: 118
doi: 10.69760/gsrh.0250206011