Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities
The Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities (GSRH) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal based in Azerbaijan. It publishes research articles in the fields of humanities and social sciences, providing a platform for international scholarly communication. The journal accepts submissions in multiple languages, including Azerbaijani, English, Russian, Turkish, and Persian, emphasizing a global and inclusive approach to knowledge dissemination. ISSN: 3007-9136 Frequency: Biannual (published twice a year). Access: Free online access to all articles to promote open research.
The Role of Information Infrastructure in Strengthening Entrepreneurial Activity
In the contemporary era of rapid informatization, information has become a primary and strategic resource for enterprise development. It serves as the fundamental element in organizing management activities and represents a system of quantitative data reflecting both the desired and the actual state of an enterprise’s subsystems and overall structure. Effective information management ensures informed decision-making and enhances operational coordination. The growing level of societal informatization creates new opportunities for business development and determines the necessity of well-structured information support systems. Such systems form the foundation for the sustainable development and increased productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The advancement of information technologies has introduced innovative tools, including algorithm-based processes, which structure business operations and improve efficiency. However, in modern entrepreneurial practice, a gap remains between the collection and practical application of information and the effective implementation of SME development strategies. Although state policies primarily aim to support small and medium-sized businesses, a more pressing challenge is their survival in highly competitive markets. The competitiveness of SMEs largely depends on access to reliable, operational, and easily accessible information databases that ensure timely and strategic decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Transformer Attention for Personalized L2 Feedback in CALL
The rapid diffusion of transformer-based natural language processing has renewed long-standing ambitions in computer-assisted language learning (CALL): scalable, timely, and instructionally meaningful second language (L2) feedback that is sensitive to individual learners’ needs rather than “one-size-fits-all” correction. Contemporary studies on chatbots and large language models (LLMs) suggest measurable promise for L2 vocabulary development, writing support, and learner engagement, while also revealing variability in feedback quality, inconsistency across prompts, and unresolved questions about pedagogical validity and accountability. This article synthesizes research from CALL, feedback theory, and transformer interpretability to propose an attention-informed framework for personalized L2 feedback. The framework treats transformer attention as a computational mechanism for aligning learner language with contextual cues and as a design resource for building inspectable feedback workflows, while explicitly recognizing that attention weights are not automatically faithful explanations of model behavior. Methodologically, we conduct a targeted, citation-grounded synthesis seeded by recent CALL chatbot/LLM research and complemented by foundational work on formative feedback and corrective feedback effectiveness, learner modeling, and transformer visual analytics. Results are presented as design-relevant findings: what current evidence implies for personalization targets (what to correct, how, when), how attention signals may support fine-grained diagnosis and recommendation, and which safeguards are required for responsible deployment in educational settings. Implications are discussed for research design (comparative trials against teacher feedback, delayed posttests, process data), system architecture (learner models + transformer feedback generators), and governance (privacy, transparency, and human oversight).
From Speech Acts to Market Acts: Linguistics Meets Economics
This article examines how language functions as economic action by tracing the movement from speech acts—promises, warnings, commitments, and declarations—to market acts such as contracting, pricing, investing, and policy response. Building on Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969) and insights from behavioral economics on framing and bounded rationality (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), the study argues that economic discourse does not merely describe markets but helps constitute them. Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines pragmatic analysis, discourse and metaphor analysis, and selected empirical findings from finance and communication studies, the article identifies key linguistic mechanisms that shape economic behavior: modality and hedging, evaluative tone, implicature and indirectness in negotiation, and metaphorical and narrative framing in media and policy communication. Evidence from textual studies of corporate reporting and market sentiment suggests that systematic patterns of language predict or amplify market movements, especially under uncertainty. The article concludes with practical implications for transparent financial communication, credible policy signaling, and education in critical economic literacy, and outlines future research directions for multilingual and digital market settings.
The Structure, Formation, and Use of Gerundial Constructions in the English Language
In the contemporary world, English can no longer be regarded merely as a means of communication; it functions as a global language that underpins international interaction, scientific collaboration, and business relations. To understand the mechanisms through which English operates and evolves, linguistic research plays a crucial role. Linguistics examines language development, structure, functions, and cognitive processing, analyzing English at multiple levels—from phonetics and morphology to syntax, semantics, and pragmatic use in context. Within this complex system, both simple and composite linguistic units contribute to the expressive richness of the language. One such unit is the gerundial construction, which adds semantic depth and syntactic flexibility to sentence structure. Although derived from a verb, the gerund functions as a noun within a sentence, allowing actions, events, and processes to be conceptualized as entities. As a result, gerundial constructions can perform various syntactic roles, including subject, complement, and predicate elements. The primary objective of this article is to examine the structural characteristics, formation principles, and functional uses of gerundial constructions in modern English, highlighting their significance within the broader grammatical system of the language.
Formation of a Management Accounting System in Business Activities
In the context of the development of modern market relations, the efficient operation of enterprises increasingly depends on the ability to make well-grounded operational and strategic decisions. This, in turn, necessitates the establishment of a reliable, flexible, and analytically oriented information system to support managerial processes. One of the key components of such a system is management accounting. Management accounting provides internally focused information that supports planning, control, and decision-making functions within an organization. In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the development and application of management accounting, reflecting its expanding role in business activities. Management accounting is not limited to the generation of information flows; it also serves as an effective managerial tool that enhances the quality of decision-making, ensures the efficient use of resources, supports risk control, and enables short-term and medium-term forecasting of organizational development. Through systematic analysis of costs, revenues, and performance indicators, management accounting contributes to the optimization of business results and strengthens managerial control over operational processes. The formation and evolution of management accounting are closely associated with the advancement of accounting systems as a whole. In its early stages, management accounting focused on cost standardization and the identification of deviations between planned and actual indicators. At later stages, variable costing systems were developed, and the concept of the break-even point was introduced, allowing managers to analyze the relationship between production volume, costs, and profits. Further development of management accounting has been characterized by the growing importance of strategic planning, the application of economic and mathematical methods, and the integration of information technologies, including computerized accounting systems capable of addressing increasingly complex managerial tasks. Overall, the establishment of an effective management accounting system plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainable operation of enterprises under market conditions, improving the justification of managerial decisions, and supporting the formulation of long-term business development strategies.
The Role of Oqtay Zulfugarov’s Songs in Shaping Children’s Musical Taste, Ilhama Mammadova
Oqtay Zulfugarov’s children’s songs hold an invaluable place in Azerbaijani musical culture. The fact that his songs develop children’s musical perception and shape their emotional thinking demonstrates the relevance of his works. The main goal of this research is to analyze the composer’s children's song oeuvre from scientific-pedagogical, artistic, and musical perspectives and to determine the significance of his works in the modern era. The importance of his songs is primarily determined by their practical applicability in the educational process. The research employed scientific, analytical, and comparative methods. Zulfugarov’s songs not only shape children’s musical taste but also enrich their spiritual world. In his songs, the spirit of folk music, combined with simplicity and sincerity, yields a high artistic quality. His works are composed in accordance with children’s developmental psychology, emotional world, and aesthetic needs. In his children’s songs, the composer skillfully combined the melodic flexibility characteristic of folk music with clear rhythm and simple harmony to create examples of high artistic value. Oqtay Zulfugarov’s songwriting has had a significant impact on the development of the Azerbaijani school of composition. Observations and interviews indicate that music lessons help develop children’s mental, speech, and language skills, cultivate group work habits, and enhance creativity and aesthetic taste. Moreover, music activities have a strong effect on children’s physical, mental, and emotional development; by creating a playful learning environment in kindergarten, they contribute significantly to the formation of the child’s personality.
National Style and Modern Musical Thinking in Tofiq Guliyev’s Song Creativity
Tofiq Guliyev was a prominent Azerbaijani composer, pianist, and conductor whose song creativity played a significant role in the development of Azerbaijan’s national music culture. His vocal works are distinguished by melodic richness, emotional depth, and stylistic integrity. Guliyev successfully synthesised elements of Azerbaijani folk music—such as national intonations, rhythmic patterns, and modal features—with the expressive means of modern musical thinking. This organic fusion has ensured the lasting relevance of his songs across different historical periods. The thematic range of Guliyev’s songs includes love, patriotism, attachment to the homeland, and universal human emotions, which allows his music to resonate consistently with audiences. His compositions reflect characteristic features of Azerbaijani musical tradition, including mugham-based intonations and folk melodic structures, while employing contemporary compositional techniques. Through this synthesis, Guliyev contributed to the evolution of the national song genre, elevating it to a new artistic level and shaping a distinctive musical language that bridges tradition and modernity.
Biznes fəaliyyətinin stimullaşdırılması mexanizmlərinin əsas istiqamətləri
Bazar mühitinin qeyri – müəyyənliyi iqtisadi münasibətlərin subyektlərindən bazarda baş verən proseslərin dərin təhlilini aparmağı tələb edir. Biznes subyektləri digərləri ilə aralarında yaranan münasibətlərin müxtəlifliyinə görə daim dəyişən şəraitdə fəaliyyət göstərirlər. Hüquqi təminatın qeyri – səlisliyi, bazar və informasiya infrastrukturunun kifayət səviyyədə inkişaf etməməsi, iqtisadi həyatda baş verən dalğalanmaların artması, maliyyə – kredit sistemindəki problemlər, əsas istehsal strukturlarının təsərrüfat əlaqələrinin zəif inkişaf etməsi iqtisadi sabitliyi pozan amillər sırasındadır. Beləliklə, təsərrüfat subyektlərinin fəaliyyəti xarici mühitin qeyri – müəyyənliyi şəraitində həm obyektiv, həm də subyektiv səbəblərdən geniş iqtisadi təhlillərin aparılmasını şərtləndirir. İqtisadiyyatda təsərrüfat subyektlərinin iqtisadi sabitliyi digər hallarla yanaşı, kollektivin mövqelərinin sabitliyinə, insanların həyat səviyyəsinə, innovasiyalara, yerli istehsalçıların dünya və daxili bazarlarda rəqabət qabiliyyətinə müsbət təsir göstərir. Bu baxımdan yeni yaradılan istehsal strukturları əsasən bazar şəraitində stabil fəaliyyət göstərmək, bazar mövqelərini saxlamaq, daxili istehlakçıları qorumaq və istehsal aparatını müasir tələblər əsasında saxlamaqda maraqlıdır. Biznes subyektlərinin iqtisadiyyatının ümumi vəziyyətinin, struktur dəyişikliklərinin, əsas fəaliyyət növlərinin resurs təminatının, daxili bazar tələbinin vəziyyətinin öyrənilməsi göstərir ki, milli iqtisadiyyatdakı dayanıqlığın artırılması yeni iqtisadi modelə keçidlə əlaqədar olaraq innovativ inkişafa əsaslanan artım, biznes subyektlərinin iqtisadi dayanıqlığının təmin edilməsi üçün nəzəri və metodoloji əsasların işlənib hazırlanmasını tələb edir. Bu istiqamətdə biznes subyektlərinin idarəetmə mexanizmi, idarəetmə və marketinqi, dövlət müəssisələrinin yenilənmiş sosial-iqtisadi münasibətlər sistemi ilə səhmdar cəmiyyətlərə çevrilməsi zamanı struktur yenilənməsi öz əhəmiyyətini qoruyur.
Copyright (c) 2025 Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Constitutional and Legal Status of Prosecution Services in Turkic States: A Comparative Analysis
The article provides a comparative analysis of the constitutional-legal status of prosecution authorities in Turkic states within the context of historical development stages and modern normative regulation mechanisms. The primary objective of the research is to identify the similarities and differences regarding the position of the prosecution institute within the system of state power, its functions, organizational structure, and personnel policy in the constitutional models of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. From a methodological standpoint, historical-legal and comparative jurisprudence approaches have been utilized in the article. Historical analysis demonstrates that the formation of the prosecution institute has followed various development trajectories in Turkic states: the foundations of this model, laid with the institute of "müdde-i umumilik" (public prosecution) during the Tanzimat era in the Ottoman Empire, evolved into a centralized oversight body in post-Soviet Turkic states under the influence of the Soviet legal system. The establishment of the national prosecution institute during the period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is regarded as a significant precedent for modern Turkic states. In the section on constitutional-legal analysis, it is determined that the status of prosecution authorities in the constitutions of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan is regulated more comprehensively and in greater normative detail, based on the principle of a unified and centralized system. In these states, the prosecution acts as an independent legal institute performing key functions such as overseeing the implementation of laws, criminal prosecution, and the protection of state indictments. Conversely, in the Kyrgyz and Turkish models, the constitutional status of the prosecution is more general in nature; in Turkey, the prosecution is considered an integral part of the judicial power and is not distinguished as an independent institute. The article also comparatively examines the powers, functional burden, and personnel policy of the prosecution authorities. Consequently, it is determined that the role of the prosecution in the state power mechanism is broader and more centralized in post-Soviet Turkic states, whereas in the Turkish model, the prosecution operates in a state of close integration with the judiciary. The involvement of the president, parliament, and other high state institutions in personnel policy and appointment mechanisms is ensured at various levels, serving to balance the principle of the separation of powers. Overall, the article scientifically proves the existence of common legal principles and the formation of specific models aligned with national legal systems based on the comparative analysis of the constitutional-legal foundations of the prosecution institute in Turkic states. According to the author's conclusion, the exchange of experience and normative convergence in this field could create an important legal basis for the formation of a unified Common-Turkic legal space in the future.
Prosecutor General, separation of powers
The Role of the Human Factor and Awareness in Cybersecurity
In the modern era, the widespread use of information technologies has made data security a key priority for governments, private organizations, and individual users. Information systems process billions of transactions on a daily basis, and protecting these operations cannot be achieved through technological solutions alone. Recent statistics indicate that approximately 70–90% of cybersecurity incidents are caused by the human factor. This includes employee negligence, non-compliance with security policies, vulnerability to social engineering attacks, and insufficient cybersecurity awareness. Although technical defense mechanisms such as antivirus software, firewalls, and encryption technologies have reached a high level of sophistication, organizations that fail to address the human factor remain highly vulnerable to cyber threats. Attacks such as social engineering, phishing, vishing, and ransomware primarily exploit human psychological and behavioral weaknesses rather than technical flaws. Research consistently demonstrates that technological safeguards are significantly less effective without continuous training and the integration of cybersecurity awareness into organizational culture. This article examines the role of the human factor in cybersecurity from a scientific perspective, analyzes the psychological and behavioral dimensions of social engineering attacks, and evaluates the impact of awareness programs on organizational security. Comparative analysis of international and local practices shows that continuous training and behavior-oriented awareness programs can substantially reduce risks arising from human error. Reports by NIST and ENISA, as well as local findings (CERT-AZ, 2023), confirm that sustained training initiatives, simulation exercises, and regularly updated security policies are among the most effective measures against social engineering threats. The study concludes that cybersecurity is not solely a technological challenge; effective management of the human factor and awareness programs are essential components of modern cybersecurity strategies.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Decision Support and Optimization within Information Systems
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies play a crucial role in enhancing decision support and optimization processes in information systems. The growing complexity of organizational challenges, the need to manage large volumes of data, and the demand for rapid and accurate strategic decision-making have made AI-based solutions indispensable. These technologies improve the efficiency of decision-making processes, reduce human-related errors, and enable optimal utilization of resources. This article analyzes the applications of AI in decision support and optimization within information systems, drawing on both international and local experiences. The literature review covers global research as well as pilot projects implemented in the Azerbaijani context. International practices demonstrate the effective use of AI algorithms in healthcare, finance, and logistics, particularly in risk assessment, treatment planning, route optimization, and resource management. In Azerbaijan, AI applications remain at a developing stage, with pilot implementations in the banking, healthcare, and logistics sectors showing promising results. The study discusses optimization algorithms, including genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and machine learning models, and evaluates their impact on decision-making efficiency. The findings highlight the strategic importance of AI for improving operational performance and supporting informed decision-making.
The Economic Foundations of the Atabegs’ (Eldenizids’) Power: An Analysis of Commodity Exchange and Urban Planning Policy
This article examines the economic foundations underlying the political and military power of the Azerbaijani Atabegs (Eldenizid) state, which existed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. While most studies emphasize the political history of the dynasty, this research focuses on the region’s economic development trends during the Eldenizid period — particularly on urban planning policy and the expansion of international trade relations. The study systematically analyzes the key economic arteries of the era, including trade routes, the taxation system, centers of craftsmanship, and agricultural production. The findings reveal that the Eldenizids’ deliberate construction and infrastructure policies strengthened economic stability, while a robust economic base enabled the state to attain significant political influence in a short time. Thus, the Eldenizid state effectively utilized its favorable geographical position to establish economic hegemony, which became one of the decisive factors ensuring its political continuity and durability.
A Comparative Analysis of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Legal Systems
The Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal systems represent two distinct methodological approaches to the formation and development of law and constitute the most widespread legal families in the world. The Romano-Germanic system is based on the primacy of legislation and presents legal norms in a highly codified and systematized form. In contrast, the Anglo-Saxon system relies primarily on judicial precedent as the main source of law, regulating legal relations through a more flexible and case-oriented approach. Each system possesses its own advantages and limitations: while the continental legal system is characterized by clarity and consistency, the common law system is distinguished by its adaptability and practical responsiveness. As a result, contemporary legal development demonstrates an increasing interaction between these two legal families, the emergence of hybrid legal mechanisms, and the adaptation of national legal systems to international standards.
The Formulation and Historical Overview of The Problem of Loneliness
This article examines the historical development of the problem of loneliness, the forms in which it has been conceptualized across different historical periods, and the theoretical foundations proposed for its resolution. The aim of the study is to determine how loneliness has evolved as a socio-psychological phenomenon and how strategies for addressing it have transformed over time. The analysis demonstrates that perceptions of loneliness are closely linked to broader historical processes and cultural changes. While numerous scientific interpretations and recommendations have been proposed, a comprehensive socio-philosophical concept of loneliness has yet to be fully established. The article concludes that effective approaches to addressing loneliness require a multidisciplinary perspective and the simultaneous consideration of both individual and social dimensions.
Governance and Integration Challenges in Mental Health Services: A Multilevel Coordination Model
Mental health systems worldwide face persistent challenges related to fragmentation, limited coordination, and inefficient governance structures. These problems reduce the effectiveness, accessibility, and sustainability of mental health services, particularly in developing and transition health systems. This article examines governance and integration challenges in mental health services from a multilevel perspective, with a focus on coordination mechanisms across clinical, institutional, and intersectoral domains. Drawing on international policy frameworks, including World Health Organization guidelines, and contemporary research on collaborative and integrated care models, the study analyzes structural and managerial barriers that hinder effective service delivery. Using a qualitative, system-level analytical approach, the article identifies key gaps in governance, horizontal and vertical integration, and interagency collaboration. Based on these findings, a multilevel integrated governance model is proposed, emphasizing strategic coordination, clinical integration, and community-based intersectoral cooperation. The proposed model aims to enhance service continuity, resource efficiency, and patient-centered care, offering practical implications for mental health policy reform and system strengthening in comparable health systems.
Systemic Approaches to Teaching Linguistics in Azerbaijani Higher Education: Structure, Integration, and Methodology
This article examines systemic approaches to teaching linguistics in Azerbaijani higher education, emphasizing the importance of viewing language as an integrated structural–functional system. It argues that phonetics, lexicology, morphology, syntax, and stylistics should be taught in close interconnection rather than as isolated disciplines. Drawing on contemporary linguistic theory and pedagogical research, the study analyzes effective methodological strategies, including functional and communicative approaches, integrated grammar instruction, and the use of digital resources and innovative teaching methods. The findings suggest that systematic, functional, and integrative instruction enhances analytical competence, improves learning efficiency, and strengthens students’ ability to apply linguistic knowledge in academic and professional contexts.
The Impact of Social Media Language on Azerbaijani Orthography and the Analysis of Non-Normative Writing Models
This article examines the impact of social media on the orthographic norms of the Azerbaijani language and the influence of non-normative writing models formed in the digital environment on the style of written communication. The rapid increase in the number of social media users and the intensification of online communication processes have led to the emergence of new trends in the Azerbaijani writing system. In particular, non-standard writing forms that are widely used on social media have a direct effect on the writing habits and orthographic behavior of the younger generation. In this respect, studying the influence of social media language on Azerbaijani orthography emerges as a topical scientific issue in contemporary linguistics. The main aim of the article is to systematically analyze the characteristics of the written language used on social media, to determine the extent of the impact of these writing models on the orthographic norms of the Azerbaijani language, and to explain the causes of these effects on a scientific basis. In the course of the research, observation, comparative analysis, analysis, and synthesis methods were employed, and existing academic sources in the fields of linguistics and digital communication were reviewed. The results of the study show that writing models formed on social media not only affect orthographic norms but also play an important role in shaping the stylistic features of written communication.
New Approaches and Transformation Tendencies in Contemporary Legal Theory
Contemporary legal theory is undergoing rapid transformation under the influence of global political, economic, and technological changes. The inability of traditional legal approaches to independently and fully explain the complex social realities of modern society necessitates the formation of new conceptual frameworks. In this context, legal philosophy increasingly acquires a multidisciplinary character, and its integration with disciplines such as sociology, economics, psychology, and anthropology is significantly strengthened. Modern approaches conceptualize law not only as a system of normative structures but also as a dynamic and flexible mechanism regulating social processes. One of the main directions of transformation tendencies is related to the impact of digital technologies on legal relations. Artificial intelligence, big data, and automated decision-making systems introduce new dimensions to concepts such as legal liability, property, privacy, and legal subjectivity. At the same time, under the influence of globalization, transnational legal cooperation expands, and national legal systems become more deeply integrated with international legal norms. In contemporary legal theory, issues such as the universality of human rights, the provision of legal justice, and the enhancement of the adaptability of law gain particular relevance. As a result, contemporary legal theory is emerging as an independent field of scholarship characterized by continuous renewal and shaped by complex and flexible approaches.
The God Motif as an Existential Strategy in Contemporary Azerbaijani Poetry
This article examines the God motif in contemporary Azerbaijani poetry as an existential strategy rather than a manifestation of religious revival or doctrinal belief. Departing from traditional moral-theological interpretations, the study argues that divine references in modern poetic discourse undergo a process of post-sacral resemanticization, whereby sacred language is refunctionalized to articulate inner conflict, ethical tension, and metaphysical uncertainty. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of selected poems by Ramiz Rövşən, Vaqif Bayatlı Odər, Səlim Babullaoğlu, and Aqşin Yenisey, using functional-semantic analysis and comparative poetics as the primary methodological tools. The findings demonstrate that the God motif operates in three dominant functional roles: as an existential addressee invoked when human communication proves insufficient; as a psychological projection externalizing fear, guilt, and loneliness; and as an ethical reference point through which injustice, fate, and freedom are evaluated. The study shows a clear shift in contemporary Azerbaijani poetry from belief to dialogue, where God emerges as a discursive interlocutor embedded within the poem’s aesthetic and linguistic structure. By reframing the God motif as a poetic construct rather than a theological assertion, the article contributes to literary scholarship by relocating the discussion from ideological interpretation to functional poetics and opens new perspectives for comparative research in Turkic and post-Soviet poetic traditions.
The Contribution of Organic Agriculture to Ecological Sustainability: Global Experience and the Azerbaijani Context
In the context of accelerating climate change, organic agriculture has gained increasing importance as an alternative production model that enhances ecosystem resilience, restores soil biological functions, and promotes the efficient use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adaptation and mitigation potential of organic farming systems in response to climate change and to identify the possibilities for applying international best practices within the agroecological conditions of Azerbaijan. The research employs a comparative analytical approach, including the review of policy documents and a systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature. The findings indicate that organic farming systems demonstrate higher levels of carbon sequestration, improved soil structure, greater water retention capacity, and increased microbiological diversity compared to conventional agricultural systems. These characteristics contribute significantly to the resilience of agroecosystems against climate-related stresses such as drought, temperature extremes, and soil degradation. International experience, particularly from the European Union and global sustainability initiatives, confirms that organic agriculture plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, preventing land degradation, and supporting long-term agricultural sustainability. In the Azerbaijani context, favorable natural soil fertility, diverse agroecological zones, and growing demand for environmentally friendly products create strong potential for the development of organic agriculture. However, the effective realization of this potential requires improvements in the legal and regulatory framework, simplification of certification procedures, and the expansion of farmer education and advisory services. Overall, the study demonstrates that organic agriculture can serve as a strategic tool for enhancing ecological sustainability and climate resilience in Azerbaijan’s agricultural sector.
Monitoring Educational Quality through Digital Analytics: An Innovative Approach in the Azerbaijani Education System
In the contemporary educational landscape, improving mechanisms for monitoring educational quality remains a key priority, and digital analytics offers significant opportunities to accelerate this process through data-driven decision-making. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of digital analytics technologies in monitoring educational quality and examines their innovative potential. By leveraging large-scale data, digital analytics enables the real-time collection, processing, and visualization of information, allowing educational institutions to assess student achievement, teacher performance, and the overall effectiveness of the teaching–learning process in a more objective, systematic, and timely manner. The primary aim of the article is to analyze the current state of educational quality monitoring and evaluation through digital analytics within the Azerbaijani education system, to propose innovative implementation models, and to identify the advantages of this approach in comparison with traditional monitoring methods. The study also explores the use of real-time data processing, the tracking of individualized learning trajectories, and the role of data-driven decision-making in shaping educational policy. The scientific and practical significance of the research lies in its contribution to the integration of innovative analytical practices into the national education strategy, providing a solid theoretical and methodological foundation for future applications. The proposed conceptual framework supports the transition of the Azerbaijani education system toward a more flexible, transparent, and data-driven governance model, while enhancing institutional effectiveness and accountability. Methodologically, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques, including statistical data analysis, content analysis, and expert interviews. The findings indicate that digital analytics creates new opportunities for strengthening data-driven decision-making in education, designing personalized learning trajectories, and continuously improving educational quality. Moreover, this approach facilitates the early identification of learning gaps and disparities in academic achievement, thereby enhancing quality assurance mechanisms and enabling timely intervention.
Political Fragmentation in Azerbaijan at the End of the 15th Century: The Genesis of the Safavid State
This article analyzes the emergence of the Safavid state within the context of the profound political, social, and ideological transformations that took place in the South Caucasus and the Iranian Plateau at the end of the fifteenth century. The study examines the systemic crisis of the Aq Qoyunlu state, the decline of the tribal confederation model, and the interrelation of these processes with the transformation of the Safaviyya order from a mystical-religious community into a military-theocratic organization. Particular emphasis is placed on the activities of Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar, the formation of the Qizilbash confederation, and the decisive role of the Anatolian factor. The campaigns of Ismail I between 1499 and 1503, the battles of Sharur and Hamadan, as well as the conquest of Tabriz in 1501, are presented as key stages in the legitimation of Safavid rule and the consolidation of imperial power. The study demonstrates that the establishment of the Safavid state was not merely the result of charismatic leadership, but rather the outcome of the complex interaction of political fragmentation, social mobilization, and ideological synthesis. The article substantiates that the political, religious, and cultural legacy of the Safavids played a decisive role in shaping the long-term ethno-confessional identity of Azerbaijan and Iran.
The Impact of Labor Market Structural Issues on National Economic Sustainability: Theoretical-Methodological Foundations and Empirical Analysis
Against the backdrop of global economic digital transformation and the shift toward knowledge-intensive production models, emerging structural discrepancies in the labor market are becoming strategic constraints on national development. This article systematically analyzes the impact mechanisms of key labor market structural issues—skill mismatches, regional imbalances, the high prevalence of informal employment, and weak education-labor market linkages—on national economic sustainability, employing theoretical-methodological foundations and an empirical approach. The research applies a synthesis of Human Capital Theory, Mismatch Theory, and Institutional Economics. Quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal that these structural imbalances suppress economic growth rates, reduce labor productivity, and constrain the economy's innovation capacity. Empirical findings confirm the negative influence of every 1% increase in structural unemployment on GDP growth performance. Consequently, structural modernization of the labor market, targeted investments in human capital, and strengthened institutional flexibility are identified as core determinants for ensuring long-term national economic development.
Transplantation of Organs from A Victim Deprived of Life Through Criminal Means: Legal and Ethical Aspects
This article examines the transplantation of organs from victims deprived of life through criminal acts from legal and ethical perspectives. The aim of the study is to define the donor’s legal status in such cases, ensure the protection of human rights, and identify mechanisms to reduce abuses in transplantation practice. The methodology includes normative legal analysis, comparative legal review, and examination of how international standards are applied in medical contexts. The research questions are as follows: Under what legal conditions can organ extraction occur following criminal homicide? How should donor consent and donor rights be ensured? What ethical boundaries govern such procedures? The findings indicate that transplantation can only be considered after forensic confirmation of the cause of death and the donor’s identity. When the principles of voluntariness, transparency, and informed consent are violated, the legitimacy of the transplantation process is lost. The study demonstrates that insufficient state oversight and neglect of bioethical principles increase the risk of human body commodification, incitement to crime, and violations of fundamental human rights.
Dysregulation of the Stress Response System in Childhood: Long-Term Psychological Consequences of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms
Early life stress can profoundly disrupt the development of the body’s stress response system, particularly through neuroendocrine mechanisms such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid signaling. This topic is of particular relevance because dysregulation of these systems during sensitive periods of development is associated with long-term psychological and physical health outcomes. Research suggests that childhood trauma, neglect, or chronic adversity can “program” neural networks, leading to persistent hyper- or hypoactivation of the stress system. Researchers typically assess neuroendocrine regulation by measuring biomarkers such as cortisol (e.g., in blood) before and after stressful events. They can also use quantitative measures of psychopathology, behavioral observations, and neurobiological analyses to capture the multidimensional effects of early stress. The subjects of these studies are wide-ranging—including children exposed to institutional care, nonhuman primates exposed to maternal neglect, and rodent models of early adversity—with the “object” (focus) being the neuroendocrine stress system, and the “subject” (field) being the long-term psychological outcomes. Early dysregulation of stress systems increases vulnerability to a range of mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, as well as to physiological conditions later in life, such as metabolic syndrome and inflammation. These findings suggest that early life stress does not simply produce transient impairment, but also has long-term “programming” effects at the neuroendocrine level, increasing allostatic load and reducing adaptive stress regulation capacity throughout life.
Conservative–Liberal Polarization in the United States: Approaches to Reducing Tensions Between Culture and Politics
This article examines the growing cultural and political tensions between conservative and liberal ideologies in the United States and analyzes the key factors contributing to this polarization. The study demonstrates that these conflicts extend beyond ideological differences alone; media discourse, polarization in social networks, and dominant narratives within the education and cultural sectors further intensify societal divisions. Conservatives often perceive their values as being underrepresented in the public sphere, whereas liberals advocate for a more inclusive and evolving model of society. One of the principal findings of the study is that the absolutization of ideological positions on both sides limits opportunities for dialogue and weakens social cohesion. In order to reduce polarization, the article emphasizes the importance of strengthening mutual dialogue, minimizing the polarizing influence of the media, ensuring balanced representation of diverse ideological perspectives, and fostering a culture of open debate within educational institutions. The study highlights the multi-level nature of political polarization and argues that it emerges from the parallel interaction of psychological, social, and cultural mechanisms rather than from a single explanatory factor.
The Role of Ethical Principles in Financial Decision-Making
This article examines the role of ethical principles in financial decision-making within the context of increasingly complex and interconnected global financial markets. As financial systems expand and competition intensifies, decision-makers face growing ethical challenges, including conflicts of interest, information asymmetry, and the manipulation of financial information. Relying solely on legal compliance has proven insufficient to address these risks, highlighting the need for ethical frameworks that guide responsible financial behavior. Using an analytical and conceptual review approach, this study explores how ethical principles influence financial decisions at both institutional and individual levels. The findings indicate that the integration of ethics into financial decision-making enhances transparency, accountability, and governance quality, while also reducing risk exposure and strengthening investor trust. Moreover, ethical conduct contributes to organizational reputation and long-term financial stability, whereas unethical practices often result in reputational damage, regulatory sanctions, and market instability. The article concludes that ethical principles are not merely normative guidelines but strategic tools that support sustainable financial management. Practical implications are discussed, emphasizing the importance of ethical awareness, internal control mechanisms, and the promotion of ethical culture within financial institutions.
Socio-Economic Landscape of Ordubad City in Archive Documents of the Safavid Period
The article examines the socio-economic structure of the city of Ordubad based on various archival documents from the Safavid period. The aim of the study is to restore the real historical picture of Ordubad's social stratification, the structure of the city economy, the essence of tax policy and artisan-trade relations within the Safavid administrative system. The methods used in the study are based on comparative-historical analysis, documentary approach, source study methods and economic history methodology. The study shows that Ordubad was a developed urban center during the Safavid period due to its location on important branches of the Silk Road, where artisan guilds, market infrastructure, sericulture and irrigation systems played a leading role in the economic life of the city. The archival materials also show that the city's population formed a complex structure consisting of various social strata - distinguished artisan associations, merchants, agricultural producers, official circles serving the state and landowners of the Khass-i-Humayun. Tax registrations and property documents prove that both state-owned land and private property relations are widespread in Ordubad.
The Unity of National and European Musical Traditions in Adil Babirov’s Prelude-Scherzo
Adil Babirov’s Prelude-Scherzo represents a significant example of the successful synthesis between Azerbaijani national music traditions and European classical forms. The work unites the lyrical expressiveness of the prelude with the energetic, dynamic character of the scherzo, forming a coherent dramaturgical structure enriched by both musical worlds. Babirov combines mugham intonations, national rhythmic elements, and melodic flexibility with the harmonic language and formal principles of European classical–romantic music, thereby creating an original sound palette. The recurring thematic motives reinforce the artistic idea and demonstrate how national musical identity can exist harmoniously within Western compositional frameworks. The composition not only strengthens the expressive potential of Azerbaijani music but also serves as a valuable pedagogical and performative example within contemporary piano literature. Overall, Prelude-Scherzo embodies Babirov’s artistic mission: integrating tradition and innovation while presenting national musical thinking through a universal musical language.
Linguistic and Stylistic Features of Islam Safarli’s Creative Work
This article provides a systematic analysis of the linguistic and stylistic features of Islam Safarli’s poetic works, highlighting the distinctive place of his language in Azerbaijani literature. The study reveals that Safarli’s poetic style is characterized by simplicity, sincerity, fluid expression, and strong connections to folk speech. His extensive use of onomastic units—including anthroponyms, hydronyms, toponyms, and phytonyms—enriches the poetic lexicon and reinforces national-cultural identity within his verse. Additionally, the poet’s skillful application of stylistic devices such as idiomatic expressions, metaphorical imagery, antithesis, repetition, and inversion enhances the emotional and aesthetic impact of his poetry. Overall, Safarli’s creative approach elevates the expressive potential of the Azerbaijani literary language and contributes significantly to the development of modern poetic style.